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The article discusses the possibility of determining the specific fuel consumption of diesel locomotives in operation using indirect calculation methods based on the use of these locomotive onboard systems and supplementing them with mathematical models of the operating cycle and the model for determining the composition of the exhaust gases of a diesel engine. The basic equations and algorithms proposed for the implementation of such a method of mathematical models and the results of their use are presented, the results of a comparison of simulation results and experimental data on the specific consumption of fuel of diesel locomotives TEM18DM are presented. A possible algorithm for their joint use is proposed, conclusions are made on the possible development of such a method for determining the energy efficiency of diesel locomotives without taking them out of service.